Battle of Manupur

Battle of Manupur
Part of Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani
Date11 March 1748
Location
Manupur, Mughal Empire
Result Mughal victory
Belligerents
Durrani Empire Mughal Empire
Kingdom of Jaipur
Malerkotla State
Commanders and leaders
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Jahan Khan
Taqi Khan Shirazi
Shah Pasand Khan		 Qamar ud-Din †
Moin ul-Mulk
Safdar Jang
Adina Beg (WIA)
Bahadur Shah
Nasir Khan
Ishwari Singh (AWOL)
Ala Singh
Jamal Khan
Units involved
12,000 (highest estimate)[1] 60,000—70,000 combatants
200,000 including camp followers (non-combatants)[1]
Immeasurable artillery

The Battle of Manupur took place on 11 March 1748 between the forces of the rising Durrani Empire led by Afghan Emperor Ahmad Shah Durrani and the armies of the Mughal Empire led by Mughal Vizier Qamar ud-Din. It was apart of Ahmad Shah's first invasion of India.

The Afghans had successfully stormed through Mughal territories in Afghanistan and Punjab, defeating the Mughals at Lahore. The Mughals immediately began raising a stronger force to oppose the Afghan invasion led by Qamar ud-Din, and Mughal prince Bahadur Shah. The Afghans continued their offensive, seizing Sirhind before the two armies met at Manupur.

The Afghans were overwhelmingly outnumbered 5:1 as the battle began. Early on, Qamar ud-Din was killed, resulting in his son, Moin ul-Mulk, taking to lead the Mughal army. The battle began with Afghan charges to the Mughal center, inflicting heavy casualties unto them while the Mughals held. The Mughal left wing was entirely dismantled by Afghan Zamburaks swivel guns, with the Rajputs stationed there under Ishwari Singh completely fleeing. The Afghans enveloped Moin ul-Mulk, who led a counter charge that led to many Mughal officers being killed, and their own defeat seeming near. A critical counter-attack by Safdar Jang, alongside a rocket disaster in the Afghan ranks, and the superiority of Mughal numbers eventually forced the Afghans to retreat.

Despite the Afghan defeat, Ahmad Shah saved his army from massacre, and returned the following year in his second invasion of India, intending to avenge his defeat.

Background

Main article: Battle of Lahore (1748)

In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani began his first invasion of India.[2] With Kabul under his control, Ahmad Shah dispatched his commander-in-chief, Jahan Khan, toward Peshawar with the intention of advancing as far as Attock. Jahan Khan quickly overran Jalalabad, and Nasir Khan, the Mughal governor, was unable mount a defense at the Khyber Pass, fleeing instead. The Afghan armies approached Peshawar, prompting many Pashtun tribes to declare for them, such as the Yusufzai, Afridi, and Khattak. With Nasir Khan overwhelmed, he completely withdrew from Peshawar and fled to Delhi.[3][4]

Shāh Nawāz Khān, the Mughal governor of the Punjab, opened correspondence with the Afghans after they had seized Peshawar. Shah Nawaz, having toppled his brother from power to assume control over the Punjab, was opposed by the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah, who refused to recognize him as governor. As a result, the Afghans promised to affirm Shah Nawaz as governor of the Punjab if he accepted Durrani suzerainty. Shah Nawaz accepted this before the Mughal vizier promised to confirm him as governor if he opposed the Afghan invasion instead, which Shah Nawaz accepted.[5][6][7]

The betrayal saw Ahmad Shah dispatch Sabir Shah to try and convince Shah Nawaz once again. However, after insulting Shah Nawaz, Sabir Shah was imprisoned and executed, and Shah Nawaz began marching against the Afghan army.[8][9][10] Ahmad Shah crossed the Ravi River on 10 January, and established himself at the Shalimar Gardens, outside of Lahore. The armies of Shah Nawaz and Ahmad Shah began battle on 11 January, and as the battle began, the Afghan regiments of Shah Nawaz's army defected. Despite commanding a much larger army then the Afghans, the Mughals were utterly defeated, and Shah Nawaz fled to Delhi.[11][12][13]

With their victory, the Afghans entered Lahore, plundering and massacring the city. Thousands were also conscripted, while the Mughals began mobilizing a colossal host of over 200,000 including camp followers. Ahmad Shah left Lahore on 19 February beginning to advance on Delhi. He captured Sirhind and continued advancing, a victory so significant that much of the Mughal army were on the verge of desertion. The Afghan army outmaneuvered the colossal Mughal host they met at Manupur.[14][15][16]

Battle

Death of Mughal Vizier Qamar ud-Din

Depiction of Mughal Vizier Qamar ud-Din

Between 4 and 11 March, the Mughal forces under Qamar ud-Din focused on trying to starve out Ahmad Shah's force rather than engage in a pitched battle. Local chiefs were employed such as Ala Singh, the Maharaja of Patiala, and Jamal Khan of Malerkotla.[17] However, success remained minimal, as the city of Sirhind behind Afghan lines was well supplied with food and water. Skirmishing parties dispatched by Ahmad Shah proved much more successful, effectively surrounding the Mughal camp. Ahmad Shah continued to press his advantages, bringing in a artillery piece from Lahore and placing it atop a hill overlooking the Mughal camp on 9 March. The cannon began to tear apart the Mughal army and its pack animals, forcing Qamar ud-Din to resort to pitched battle.[18][19]

On the morning of 11 March, the Mughal army readied to advance, with Qamar ud-Din intending to lead the charge. However, while in prayer, a cannonball struck him in the waist. Possibly done due to the infiltration of spies and the measuring of distance for a cannon to strike the vizier's tent, Qamar ud-Din died of his wounds. His son, Moin ul-Mulk, concealed the death and only informed his captains, intending to lead the battle himself.[20]

Formation & number of troops

The Mughal host boasted over 200,000 including its camp followers, while it had around 60—70,000 combatants. The advance guard of the Mughal formation was led by Moin ul-Mulk with a contingent of Turks. Safdar Jang led the right contingent of the Mughal army, while the center was led by Bahadur Shah, also accompanied by Sayyid Salabt Khan and Dilawar Khan. The center had overwhelming numbers of artillery. Ishwari Singh led the left wing of the army with many other Indian Rajas, comprised mainly of Rajput cavalry, while the rearguard was commanded by Nasir Khan.[1][21]

In comparison, the Afghan army only had at its best estimate, 12,000 men, being overwhelmingly outnumbered by the Mughals 5:1. The Mughal wings were extremely drawn out, and heavy artillery protected their center. Recognizing he was inferior in number, Ahmad Shah concluded the best course of option was to press the vanguard and to shatter the wings to threaten their camp in the rear, intending to utilize superior mobility. A contingent of troops were split off and were directed to attack the baggage train of the Mughals when the battle would begin. The right wing of the Afghan army was commanded by Jahan Khan, with the center led by Ahmad Shah himself. Lastly, the right wing was commanded by Shah Pasand Khan.[22]

Depiction of a Zamburak swivel gun, typically mounted on camels

Afghan assault and flight of the Rajputs

Possibly learning of the Vizier's death, Taqi Khan, a chief commander of the Durrani army, attacked the Mughal vanguard with over 3,000 men. Taqi Khan led his men toward the Mughal lines to quickly deliver a volley fire before withdrawing as the Mughals attempted to respond, and continuing it. The Mughals, defensively entrenched, used their overwhelming numbers and heavy artillery to check the Afghan advance. Ahmad Shah reinforced Taqi Khan, however, Moin ul-Mulk held his line with heavy losses.[23][24]

On the right wing where the Rajputs were stationed, the Afghans made significant gains. As the Rajputs prepared for close quarters combat, the Afghans led over 200 Zamburak swivel guns mounted on camels with 3,000 cavalrymen formed into two divisions, with one division charging toward the Rajput lines and delivering barrages unto them, before withdrawing and allowing the second division to do the same. Excellent in close quarters combat, but helpless to the Afghan artillery, the Rajput forces were completely picked apart while being unable to give a response. The Afghan attacks continued, killing thousands. Ishwari Singh, learning of the Vizier's death, and seeing his army pulverized, fled from the battlefield.[25][26]

Unopposed, an Afghan force split off and plundered the Mughal baggage train, while also flanking Moin ul-Mulk's entrenched position, and the center. With panic gripping the Mughal army, Moin ul-Mulk led a counterattack toward the Afghan center, engaging in close quarters combat. Heavy casualties surmounted on both sides, with Moin ul-Mulk being grazed by a bullet, Adina Beg being wounded twice, and the death of numerous Mughal officers.[27] Widespread desertion plagued the Mughal ranks, and defeat appeared inevitable.[28]

Safdar Jang's counterattack and Afghan rocket disaster

Depiction of Safdar Jang, who led a critical counterattack at the height of the battle

On the Mughal right wing, Safdar Jang faced a Zamburak attack ordered by Ahmad Shah, sending over 700 camel-mounted swivel guns to a hill above Safdar Jang's position. Threatened with annihilation, Safdar Jang dispatched 1,700 musketeers who charged uphill. A concentrated volley of fire from the Mughals killed much of the Afghan gunners, allowing them to seize the position and the Afghan swivel guns. An attempted counterattack by the Afghans failed, and the Mughals remained victorious on the right wing.[27][29]

With his success, Safdar Jang reinforced Moin ul-Mulk's position, and led all his men in an advance to draw attention away from the pressed Mughal center.[30] His reinforcements saw over 700 swivel and heavy guns delivered to alleviate the center, while the men of Bahadur Shah and Nasir Khan fought alongside them. The overwhelming number of Mughals made resistance seem impossible.[31]

Amidst the battle, captured rockets by the Afghans during their plunder of Lahore ignited possibly due to recklessness. Thousands of rockets began flying into the air, which also ignited the gunpowder of the Afghan artillery. A thousand Afghan and Persian men were burned to death, with complete disorder overrunning the Afghan ranks.[30][32]

Afghan withdrawal

With the disaster for the Afghans, alongside the overwhelming advance by Safdar Jang and Moin ul-Mulk, Ahmad Shah ordered a retreat. Although defeated, Ahmad Shah saved his army from a rout and annihilation. Realizing he could not lead a counter-attack, Ahmad Shah withdrew in calm order, arraying his men for battle and exchanging volley musket fire with the Mughals before retreating and continuing the same tactic. He occupied a position at a mud fortress between Manupur and Sirhind, firing upon the Mughals from it, halting their advances. As the Mughal cannons arrived, nightfall came, and they instead returned to camp, while Ahmad Shah left in the cover of night.[33][34]

Unaware of the state of the Afghan army, nor even their position, dejected the Mughals from a pursuit. Scouts sent for news only found rumors that Ahmad Shah had possibly been killed or at the least, grievously wounded. Ahmad Shah sent Taqi Khan in deception to stall for time, asking for peace by demanding all that Nader Shah had taken in his invasion to be ceded to him. He utilized the time to garner his armies strength, and sent away his baggage train to Lahore, which he began withdrawing toward. The Mughals could not continue the pursuit with the death of Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah and an illness that gripped Safdar Jang. All operations by the Mughals concluded on 9 April.[35][36]

Aftermath

Withdrawing to Lahore, Ahmad Shah became aware that his nephew, Luqman Khan, who had been left as regent in Kandahar, had revolted. Ahmad Shah immediately returned to Afghanistan, and marched on Kandahar, quickly quelling the revolt. He spent the summer of 1748 preparing for his second invasion of India.[37][38][39] The timing was significant for Ahmad Shah, with the death of Mughal Vizier Qamar-ud-Din at Manupur, and the death of the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah, which saw him succeeded by Bahadur Shah, who largely focused on pleasure-seeking. The Mughal victory did not discourage Ahmad Shah,[40] who wished to avenge his defeat.[41]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Sarkar 1964, p. 139.
  2. ^ Gupta 1976, p. 162.
  3. ^ Lee 2022, p. 119.
  4. ^ Sarkar 1964, p. 127.
  5. ^ Lee 2022, p. 119-120.
  6. ^ Gupta 1978, p. 83.
  7. ^ Singh 1959, p. 42-43.
  8. ^ Mehta 2005, p. 250.
  9. ^ Lee 2022, p. 120.
  10. ^ Sarkar 1964, p. 128.
  11. ^ Lee 2022, p. 120-121.
  12. ^ Sarkar 1964, p. 129.
  13. ^ Gupta 1978, p. 84.
  14. ^ Lee 2022, p. 121-122.
  15. ^ Sarkar 1964, p. 130-142.
  16. ^ Gupta 1978, p. 85-86.
  17. ^ Gupta 1976, p. 164.
  18. ^ Sarkar 1964, p. 137.
  19. ^ Singh 1959, p. 60-61.
  20. ^ Sarkar 1964, p. 137-138.
  21. ^ Singh 1959, p. 61.
  22. ^ Sarkar 1964, p. 139-140.
  23. ^ Sarkar 1964, p. 140.
  24. ^ Singh 1959, p. 64.
  25. ^ Sarkar 1964, p. 140-141.
  26. ^ Singh 1959, p. 64-65.
  27. ^ a b Sarkar 1964, p. 141-142.
  28. ^ Singh 1959, p. 65.
  29. ^ Singh 1959, p. 66.
  30. ^ a b Sarkar 1964, p. 142.
  31. ^ Singh 1959, p. 66-67.
  32. ^ Singh 1959, p. 67.
  33. ^ Sarkar 1964, p. 142-143.
  34. ^ Singh 1959, p. 68.
  35. ^ Sarkar 1964, p. 143-144.
  36. ^ Singh 1959, p. 68-70.
  37. ^ Lee 2022, p. 122.
  38. ^ Singh 1959, p. 68-72.
  39. ^ Sarkar 1964, p. 143.
  40. ^ Gupta 1976, p. 165.
  41. ^ Gupta 1961, p. 74.

Bibliography

  • Singh, Ganḍā (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan. Asia Publishing House. p. 457. ISBN 978-1-4021-7278-6. Retrieved 25 August 2010. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  • Lee, Jonathan L. (2022-03-08). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78914-019-4.
  • Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1964). Fall of the Mughal Empire. M. C. Sarkar.
  • Gupta, Hari Ram (1978). History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh confederacies, 1708-1769. Munshiram Manoharlal.
  • Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005-01-01). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6.
  • Gupta, Hari Ram (1961). Marathas and Panipat. Panjab University.
  • Gupta, Hari Ram (1976). Later Mughal History of the Panjab (1707-1793). Sang-e-Meel Publications.
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