Kargil

This article is about the municipality in Ladakh in Indian administered Kashmir. For its namesake district, see Kargil district. For the film, see Kargil (film). For the war fought near Kargil, see Kargil War.
Not to be confused with Cargill.
Kargil
Town and municipality
Kargil town with Suru river in the foreground
Kargil town with Suru river in the foreground
Location of Kargil
Kargil in the Ladakh region of the Indian-administered Kashmir (in tan)
Kargil in the Ladakh region of the Indian-administered Kashmir (in tan)
Coordinates: 34°33′34″N 76°07′32″E / 34.5594°N 76.1256°E / 34.5594; 76.1256
Administrating countryIndia
Union territoryLadakh
DistrictKargil
TehsilKargil
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • BodyLadakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil
Area
[1]
 • Total
2.14 km2 (0.83 sq mi)
Elevation
2,676 m (8,780 ft)
Population
 (2011)[2]
 • Total
16,338
 • Density7,600/km2 (20,000/sq mi)
Others
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
194103
Vehicle registrationLA 01
Official languages[3]English, Hindu, Ladakhi, Purigi, Urdu
Websitekargil.nic.in

Kargil /ˈkɑːrɡɪl/ or Kargyil[4][5] is a town and municipality in the Indian union territory of Ladakh. It is located on the northern extreme of the Indian-administered Indian administered Kashmir region, along the Line of Control.[6] It serves as the joint capital of Ladakh, and is the seat of Kargil district. It is the second-largest population center in Ladakh after Leh.

Kargil is located 220 km (140 mi) from Leh, and 260 km (160 mi) from Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir along the National Highway 1. The town is located in the Suru river valley near its confluence with the Dras and Wakha Rong rivers.

Owing to its location in proximity to the disputed India–Pakistan border, the town has seen many wars and skirmishes. In 1999, the Kargil War was fought by the Indian armed forces against the Pakistani armed forces along the Line of Control around the Kargil region.

Etymology

Kargil could have been derived from the combination of two local language words – Khar meaning fort and rkil meaning center, implying that the region was situated in a central place amongst many forts.[7][8] Gar in the local language means anywhere, and khil means a place to stay, indicating that the name could denote a central place where people lodged.[8] As the town is located at roughly similar distance to other towns like Srinagar, Leh, and Skardu, it might have served as the center of the region.[7][8] As per historian Parvez Dewan, the town's name came from a man named Kargeel, who cleared the forests in the region to create a dwelling.[8]

Kargil is mentioned as Dkar–skyil in the Ladakh Chronicles.[9] It is derived from a combination of two Standard Tibetan words – dkar meaning white or bright, and skyil meaning expanse.[10][11][12] In contrast to the deep gorges that give access to the Kashmir valley, the Kargil basin is surrounded by low-pitched mountains with the low Khurbathang plateau at the southeastern corner.[13] The name is also spelt as Dkar–khyil.[14][15]

History

Early history

As per Tibetan scholars, the major part of the present day Kargil region was known as Purik or Purig.[8][16] In the eighth century CE, Gasho Tha Tha Khan from Gilgit established the Kacho dynasty in the Sod valley in the region. Several smaller kingdoms were established by his descendants over various parts of the region later.[8][16] The region was part of the Silk Road trade route that between Central and South Asia. Kargil served as an outpost and halting place on the caravan routes from Srinagar to Leh, and on to Central Asia.[17][7]

Middle ages

The largely Buddhist population were introduced to Islam in the 15th and 16th century CE by Mir Shams-ud-Din Iraqi.[8][16] The Sod valley north of Kargil was connected to Gilgit, and ruled from there. The Suru river valley including the Kargil, separated from the Sod valley by a mountain pass, was connected to the Kashmir region. The region was largely ruled by the king of Kharmang belonging to the Balti people, with the exception of a few independent areas.[16] The Sod Pasari (Wylie: sod pa sa ri fort was established in the Sod valley in the 16th or 17th century, from which control was exerted over the lands around the valley including the Kargil basin.[18]

Early Dogra period

Ruins of the old fort at Sod

In the early 19th century, Gulab Singh, a commander of the Sikh empire, established the Dogra dynasty.[19] Zorawar Singh was a military general of Gulab Singh.[20][21] In 1834, Zorawar Singh invaded the region, and destroyed the fort at Kargil.[22][23] He re-built the fort and appointed a kardar (administrator) for the Kargil region, who was killed in a revolt in 1838.[24][25] In 1840, Zorawar Singh deposed the Gyalpo and re-annexed the region.[26] On the way to Baltistan, he conqueted the whole of the Purig region including the Sod valley.[27] After Zorawar Singh's death in 1841, there was another rebellion, which was put down by the Dogra forces under Wazir Lakhpat. Lakhpat garrisoned the Kargil fort and imprisoned the smaller kings of the region as prisoners.[28] British engineer Alexander Cunningham described the Kargil fort as a square of about sixty yards located on the left bank of the Suru river above its junction with Wakha Rong river. It was possible to defend the bridge over the Suru river and command the Kashmir–Ladakh road from the fort.[29]

Princely state

In 1846, Gulab Singh became the maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, a princely state of the British Raj.[19][30] In 1854, there were three ilaqas (sub-districs) in the present day Kargil district, at Kargil, Dras and Zanskar respectively, and were headed by civil officers called thanadars.[31] During the reign of Pratap Singh, a wazarat (district) was established for all the frontier regions including Gilgit, and Kargil was made a tehsil of the wazarat. Sometime later, Kargil, Skardu and Leh were separated to form the Ladakh wazarat. The district headquarters shifted between the three locations each year.[32] As Kargil was part of a trade route, serais for caravans, a rest-house, and post and telegraph offices were established during the period. Kargil's bazaar sold matches, kerosene, sugar and tea, cotton clothes, and glass and tinsel ornaments.[17]

Independent India

Kargil War Memorial

After Indian Independence in 1947, the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948 arose and was initially fought between the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces and by militias from the frontier tribal areas adjoining the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.[33][34] Following the accession of the Jammu and Kashmir to India by maharaja Hari Singh on 26 October 1947, the Indian troops engaged in battle directly with the Pakistani forces. The war resulted in the establishment of a cease fire line and gave control of Ladakh region including Kargil to the Indian side.[35][36] The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and the subsequent Simla Agreement resulted in the establishment of a Line of Control.[37][38][39] Kargil was bifuricated from Leh district and became a separate district in the Ladakh region in 1979.[8]

In 1999, infiltration by Pakistani paramilitary forces, led to the Kargil War.[37][40] Fighting occurred in the high mountains along the 160 km (99 mi) long stretch of ridges overlooking the road connecting Srinagar and Leh.[41] After several months of fighting and diplomatic activity, the Pakistani forces withdrew to their side of the Line of Control.[42] Since then, there has been occasional skirmishes between the armed forces of the two nations in the Kargil region.[37]

Ladakh was declared as a union territory by the Government of India on 31 October 2019 and Kargil became part of the same.[8][43]

Geography

Location of Kargil in the Kashmir region

Kargil is located in the Indian union territory of Ladakh in the Indian-administered Kashmir region. It is the second largest urban center in the region after Leh, and serves as the seat of Kargil district.[17][44] It is located about 220 km (140 mi) from Leh, and 260 km (160 mi) from Srinagar.[45] The town is located along the Line of Control which separates the Pakistan-administered Kashmir from the Indian region.[46]

Kargil town along the Suru river valley

Kargil is located amongst various river valleys formed by the tributaries of Indus.[44][47] The Suru River valley extends from Panikher to across the town of Kargil.[48] The Dras River valley branches off from the Suru valley leading to the Zoji La pass and Kashmir valley.[49] The Dras, and Wakha Rong rivers combine with the Suru river near Kargil.[50] The Zanskar River valley extends south of Kargil from the point of confluence of the Suru and Botkul rivers.[48][51] Further north along the Suru valley, the Indus valley extends to Skardu.[52] As per historian Janet Rizvi, the narrow gorge of the Indus valley between Marol and Dah was not easily traversable in the pre-modern period, and hence the normal trade route between Baluchistan and Leh ran through Kargil across the Suru and Wakha Rong valley.[13][53]

Similar to most of the Himalayan regions, the region consists of mountainous terrain made up of weathered sedimentary rocks with sparse vegetation. As the region is located in the valleys surrounded by the high Himalayan mountains, the rain bearing winds are blocked and the region receives very less rainfall of about 26 cm (10 in) annually. Hence the region experiences a cold desert climate, with short summers and cold winters.[44] Winters are long and cold with temperatures dropping below -30 °C.[54][55] In the winter, the town experiences heavy snowfall.[44] The soil cover is negligible, and the main water sources are the glacier-fed rivers. Crops are grown in limited arable land with loamy soils in the river valleys during the summer. There are significant deposits of minerals and ores like copper, limestone, and marble.[44]

Demographics

As per the 2011 census, Kargil had a population of 16,338 individuals. The population increased from 10,657 in 2001.[1][2] The population increased almost ten times from the 1961 census when 1,681 persons were recorded.[17] As of 2011, the population consisted of 10,082 males and 6,256 females. About 70% of the population belonged to Scheduled Tribes. The town had a literacy rate of 83.6%.[1][2] Islam is the largest religion followed by over 77% of the adherents, followed by Hinduism adhered to by 19.2% of the population. Sikhism (2.2%), Buddhism (0.5%) and Christianity (0.4%) are other minor religions.[56] English, Hindu, Ladakhi, Purigi, and Urdu are declared official languages in the territory.[3] Other spoken languages include Balti, Shina, Zanskari, and other Dardic languages.[45]

Administration and infrastructure

Kargil district including the town and the surrounding areas are administered by a hill development council, that forms part of the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council. Established in July 2003, the council consists of 30 members including four nominated members. The hill council is headed by a chief executive councilor, who holds a rank of a cabinet minister. The council is responsible for the carrying out planning, and development works.[57][58] A deputy commissioner serves as the administrative head, and also serves as the chief executive of the council.[57] State owned public broadcaster All India Radio operates a AM radio station at Kargil.[59]

Transportation

National highway NH 1 connects Srinagar and Leh via Kargil

Kargil is located on national highway NH 1 connecting Srinagar to Leh.[60] NH 301 extends from the junction with NH 1 in Kargil and extends to Zanskar.[61] The highways connecting Kargil to Srinagar and Zanskar are often blocked by snow from November to May in winter. NH 1 is accessible from Dras to Kargil and Kargil to Leh throughout the year.[45] Government operated buses connect Kargil with other towns.[45] The Kargil-Skardu road earlier linked Kargil to Skardu, a city in Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. It has been closed since the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948.[62][63][64]

Kargil Airport was built in 1996 for civilian operations.[65][66] The operational control was later transferred to the Indian Air Force.[67][68] The air force operates seasonal flights that carry cargo and transport civilians during the winter.[69] The nearest major airports are the Leh Airport with regular domestic flights and the Srinagar International Airport.[45] Srinagar railway station is the nearest railway station from the town, with limited railway services.[70] The nearest major railhead is the Jammu Tawi railway station located about 440 km (270 mi) from the town.[45]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ a b c "Kargil". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  2. ^ a b c District Census Handbook: Kargil (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations (Report). 2011. pp. 22–23.
  3. ^ a b "President Murmu promulgates Ladakh Official Languages Regulation 2025". All India Radio. 4 June 2025. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  4. ^ Cunningham, Ladak (1854), p. 148.
  5. ^ Kerin, Melissa R. (2015). Art and Devotion at a Buddhist Temple in the Indian Himalaya. Indiana University Press. p. 206, note 53. ISBN 978-0-253-01309-5.
  6. ^ The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the tertiary sources (a) through (e), reflecting due weight in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (h) through (i) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (j) below).
    (a) Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 15 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";
    (b) Pletcher, Kenneth, Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 16 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state.";
    (c) "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6 C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";
    (d) Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
    (e) Talbot, Ian (2016), A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas, Yale University Press, pp. 28–29, ISBN 978-0-300-19694-8 Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir.";
    (f) Skutsch, Carl (2015) [2007], "China: Border War with India, 1962", in Ciment, James (ed.), Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II (2nd ed.), London and New York: Routledge, p. 573, ISBN 978-0-7656-8005-1, The situation between the two nations was complicated by the 1957–1959 uprising by Tibetans against Chinese rule. Refugees poured across the Indian border, and the Indian public was outraged. Any compromise with China on the border issue became impossible. Similarly, China was offended that India had given political asylum to the Dalai Lama when he fled across the border in March 1959. In late 1959, there were shots fired between border patrols operating along both the ill-defined McMahon Line and in the Aksai Chin.
    (g) Clary, Christopher (30 March 2024), The Difficult Politics of Peace: Rivalry in Modern South Asia, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, p. 109, ISBN 9780197638408, Territorial Dispute: The situation along the Sino-Indian frontier continued to worsen. In late July (1959), an Indian reconnaissance patrol was blocked, "apprehended," and eventually expelled after three weeks in custody at the hands of a larger Chinese force near Khurnak Fort in Aksai Chin. ... Circumstances worsened further in October 1959, when a major class at Kongka Pass in eastern Ladakh led to nine dead and ten captured Indian border personnel, making it by far the most serious Sino-Indian class since India's independence.
    (h) Bose, Sumantra (2009), Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace, Harvard University Press, pp. 294, 291, 293, ISBN 978-0-674-02855-5 Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million.), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control."
    (i) Fisher, Michael H. (2018), An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge University Press, p. 166, ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2 Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir.";
    (j) Snedden, Christopher (2015), Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, p. 10, ISBN 978-1-84904-621-3 Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."
  7. ^ a b c Radhika Gupta, Allegiance and Alienation (2013), p. 49.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i "History of Kargil". Government of India. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  9. ^ Francke, August Hermann (1926). Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing. p. 128.
  10. ^ "Skyil - Tibetan". Jim Valby dictionary. University of Virginia. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  11. ^ "Dkar - Tibetan". Jim Valby dictionary. University of Virginia. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  12. ^ "THL Tibetan to English Translation Tool". The Tibetan & Himalayan Library. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  13. ^ a b Rizvi, Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia (1996), pp. 19–20.
  14. ^ Martin, Dan (1991). The Emergence of Bon and the Tibetan Polemical Tradition. Indiana University. p. 280.
  15. ^ Gyeltsen, Jamyang (2020). དགོན་རབས་ཀུན་གསལ་ཉི་སྣང་། [The sun shines on the history of the monastery]. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. p. xx. ISBN 978-9-390-75227-0.
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  17. ^ a b c d Altaf Hussain; Susanne Schmidt; Marcus Nüsser (2023). "Dynamics of Mountain Urbanisation: Evidence from the Trans-Himalayan Town of Kargil, Ladakh, India". Land. 12 (4): 920. doi:10.3390/land12040920. ISSN 2073-445X.
  18. ^ Francke, A History of Western Tibet (1907), p. 103.
  19. ^ a b Fenech, E. Louis; Mcleod, H. W. (11 June 2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-442-23601-1.
  20. ^ Sanjeev Kumar Bhasin (2006). Amazing Land Ladakh: Places, People, and Culture. Indus. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-81-7387-186-3.
  21. ^ John Keay (2011). India: A History. Open Road and Grove/Atlantic. p. 664. ISBN 978-0-80219-550-0.
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  47. ^ Kaul 1998, p. 17.
  48. ^ a b Kaul 1998, p. 20.
  49. ^ Kaul 1998, p. 19.
  50. ^ Kaul 1998, p. 18.
  51. ^ Negi 2002, p. 15.
  52. ^ Kaul 1998, p. 21.
  53. ^ Rizvi, Janet; Kakpori, G. M. (Summer 1988). "Lost kingdoms of the gold-digging ants (Review of L'or des fourmis: La découverte de l'Eldorado grec au Tibet by Michel Peissel)". India International Centre Quarterly. 15 (2): 131–147. JSTOR 23002056.
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